What Is It Called When the Formal Charge Against a Defendant Is Read Aloud in Court?
Glossary of Legal Terms
This glossary is provided to help you understand the more ordinarily used legal terms in the federal criminal justice arrangement. If you need to acquire the meaning of a legal term non defined below, contact the federal prosecutor or the victim/witness coordinator.
Abstract of judgment - A certification from the U.S. Commune Court clerk that a judgment of restitution was entered against the defendant attributable to the victim. If the defendant inherits, owns, or sells real property or holdings, these avails tin can and then be attached at the state and local levels besides.
Amortization - A legal finding that the criminal defendant has not been proven guilty of the charge across a reasonable uncertainty.
Action - The case, cause, or controversy before the court.
Affirmation - A written statement of facts made nether oath earlier a notary or court officer.
Affirmed - A legal finding past a college courtroom that the ruling or society of a lower court is valid and left to stand.
Appeal - A formal, written request to a higher court for relief from findings, decisions, or actions of the trial court.
Arraignment - The first court hearing for a person accused of a criminal offense. In the arraignment, the accused is advised of all pending charges, is asked to plead guilty or non guilty, and is advised of his or her rights in the justice process.
Arrest - Taking physical custody of a person by lawful authority.
Asset - Anything of value, including whatever interest (disinterestedness) in real or personal property. Assets tin exist used to satisfy an guild for restitution, fines, assessments, or other costs imposed by a court.
Nugget forfeiture (or attachment) - A procedure past which a person's property is seized to pay judgments levied by the court.
Banana U.S. Chaser - A federal prosecutor who represents the U.S. government and its citizens when a federal statute has been violated.
Bail - An assurance, usually backed by money, that a defendant will come to court equally required if released from jail before trial.
Bankrupt - Being declared unable to pay 1's debts.
Bond - Another word used for bail in the criminal justice system.
Example - Any proceeding, action, cause, or lawsuit initiated through the court system by filing a complaint, petition, data, or indictment.
Accuse - A formal, written accusation that a person violated a law.
Civil forfeiture - The loss of ownership of belongings used to conduct illegal activity.
Clerk of the court - An officer of the court who is in charge of the court's administrative work.
Complaint - A formal accusation to the court that a person violated a law.
Continuance - A postponement, for good cause, of a scheduled court consequence.
Conviction - A judgment of guilt against a criminal defendant.
Damages - The budgetary bounty recovered in the courts by a person who has suffered loss to his or her person, property, or rights through the unlawful human activity or negligence of another.
Defendant - A person formally accused of violating a police.
Defense attorney - A lawyer who legally represents the interests of a defendant.
Deposition - Oral statement made by a person before an officer authorized by the court to administrate oaths.
Dismissal - The dropping of a instance by the judge without further consideration or hearing.
Docket - A list of cases on the courtroom's calendar.
Testify - Whatsoever kind of data from witnesses, records, or documents that purports to prove the accused did or did not commit the criminal offense.
Extradition - The formal process of delivering an defendant or convicted person from authorities in i state to authorities in another state.
Financial Litigation Unit - A division of the civil section in the U.S. Chaser's Office responsible for the collection of fines and restitution.
Fraud - Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
Grand jury - A panel of citizens who hear testify nerveless past the federal prosecutor or his or her agent and and so determine whether the evidence is sufficient to believe that a accused violated a certain law and that the defendant should exist formally charged.
Guilty - The finding given by the court or jury in a criminal trial when the evidence presented shows "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the defendant committed the crime.
Hearing - A formal proceeding with one or more than legal bug to be agreed upon or determined.
Indictment - A formal, written accusation past the grand jury that in that location is enough testify to believe the accused has committed a crime. An indictment is sometimes referred to as a true bill.
Information - The formal written accusation charging a item crime, brought by the federal prosecutor rather than by the chiliad jury.
Jurisdiction - The power or dominance of a court to hear and make up one's mind a case.
Jury - A panel of citizens who heed to testify presented at a trial and decide whether it proves the defendant violated a law or is financially liable.
Lien - A claim or charge put on belongings for payment of a debt or operation of an obligation or duty.
Motion - A written application to the court requesting an lodge or a ruling in favor of the applicant.
No true pecker (also called a no bill) - A legal process to dismiss charges against a accused when the grand jury does non detect enough evidence to charge the defendant with violating a law.
Not guilty - The finding given past the court or jury in a criminal trial when the evidence presented does not show "beyond a reasonable dubiousness" that the defendant committed the crime.
Lodge - A written management of the court.
Plea - The defendant'due south answer (guilty or non guilty) to the charge made against him or her.
Plea agreement - An arrangement betwixt the federal prosecutor, the defense chaser, and the accused in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for special considerations.
Pre-sentence investigation report - A formal, written study prepared by the U.S. Probation Department for the courtroom, before the sentencing hearing, that provides the judge with data about the accused's background, the offense he or she has been convicted of, and the emotional, financial, or physical impact the crime had on the victim.
Pretrial conference - An breezy meeting between the federal prosecutor and the defence force attorney to analyze issues and, where applicative, to attempt to work out a settlement earlier whatever further courtroom filings and proceedings.
Pretrial interview - An informal discussion, earlier the trial, between the federal prosecutor or the defense chaser and witnesses to hash out their knowledge of the crime.
Likely cause - A reasonable ground for belief that the offender violated a specific law.
Probation - A grade of punishment that allows the defendant to alive in a community nether the supervision of the court and a probation officeholder after he or she is found guilty or pleads guilty.
Probation Officeholder - An officer of the court who monitors the defendant's behavior to ensure that the defendant obeys all conditions of probation.
Remand - A legal ruling past a higher court to ship a case back to the lower court for further action.
Restitution - The court-ordered payment of money by the accused to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
Sentence - The length and conditions of penalization given by the court if the defendant is found guilty or pleads guilty.
Statute of limitations - The specified period during which a civil action or criminal charge tin be made.
Subpoena - A written command for a person to appear at a sure place and time to give bear witness in court well-nigh a crime or other legal matter. As well chosen a summons.
Summons - Another word for subpoena used by the criminal justice organization.
Show - To reply questions under oath in a legal proceeding.
Testimony - Evidence given past a witness nether oath.
Trial - A court proceeding in which testimony is presented to a judge or jury to decide whether the accused is guilty of committing a crime.
Truthful bill - Another word for indictment.
Venue - The identify where the trial volition be held (unremarkably in the district in which the offense was committed).
Victim - A person who has physically, financially, or emotionally suffered from the commission of a crime by some other.
Victim Touch on Statement - A written or spoken statement by the victim or his or her representative almost the physical, emotional, and financial impact of a crime on the victim. The statement is given to the court before sentencing.
Victim/witness coordinator - A person who provides information about the justice procedure to victims and witnesses of criminal offense. In the federal organization, victim/witness coordinators are employed by some police force enforcement agencies and all U.Due south. Attorneys' Offices.
White-collar criminal offense - A nonviolent criminal act involving deceit, concealment, subterfuge, or other fraudulent activity.
Witness - A person who has noesis of a law-breaking and provides that information to law enforcement officials.
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The information on this folio is archived and provided for reference purposes but.
Source: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/fraud/rrr/gloss.htm
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